Introduction
Quantum computers are devices that use quantum phenomena to perform calculations in ways that will eventually outperform conventional computers. Quantum computing is the field of study focused on building quantum computers, finding ways for them to degrade more slowly when subject to the ravages of the outside world, and mastering the new algorithms that will be required to use them effectively. Quantum computing, for all that it is a complicated and rapidly evolving field, is still in its early days, and it is not yet a given that its experiments will develop into practical technologies, let alone technologies that will be as transformative as many are hoping. However, it is clear that a range of quantum technologies will be developed in the next 5 to 20 years, and their capabilities may outstrip anything else that we currently have. Consequently, it is incumbent upon us, a little more than a generation after the transformation of both our societies and our human capabilities as a result of the broad deployment of computing, to step up the ways in which we manage expectations and transformations associated with the development of such new and unexpected technologies.
1. Fundamental Principles of Quantum Computing
This essay intends to offer some clarity to various aspects of quantum computation. The basis of the investigation is a thorough review of the relevant literature, together with appropriate historical and philosophical considerations. The essay concerns itself with the basic models of quantum devices as well as with their design principles, one of the most popular devices being the quantum Turing machine. The investigation in most cases makes use of the concepts and results of classical computer science. But it is a fact that quantum logic gates are vital components of quantum devices and thus the central issue in the theory of quantum computation concerns logic.
From our daily experience, as well as from the perspective of the traditional quantum mechanics textbooks, the physical properties of matter can be in principle known exactly. The constituents out of which the matter is constituted follow definite trajectories, independently of any attempt to observe them. The outcome of this hypothesis is the common worldview that the possibilities observed in the microscopic realm are similar to the ones familiar from classical mechanics. The first revolution came with the experiments described in 1900, which demonstrated that it was the radiation by matter that needed to be quantized and not the motion of the constituents of matter. The quantum hypothesis is at the heart of any attempt to build a quantum computer as it would lead to a deep change in the way that information is processed – we would be led from classical information to quantum information!
2. Quantum Computing Models
Over the last 10 years, quantum information science has come into the limelight as a new field arguing about the difficulty in computational problem-solving in classical computing. While some quantum algorithms that achieve an exponential speedup over the best-known classical solutions were found, it has been important to show that quantum computers have a considerable advantage compared with classical systems. In order to implement large-scale quantum computers, researchers presented several quantum computing models. Among those, universal quantum computers capable of performing probabilistic autonomous quantum operations on an arbitrary set of qubits via a fixed sequence of quantum gate arrays and the corresponding sequential control system called a quantum circuit model have garnered most of the attention due to the simple conceptualism, ease of the program, and the theoretical attractiveness.
Adiabatic quantum computer is a model of quantum computer that uses the quantum adiabatic theorem to do calculations and is currently of more practical interest than the quantum circuit model due to its lower sensitivity to decoherence. The difficulty is the existence of an exponential resource. The Gaussian boson sampling model estimates the probability of recording a suitable bosonic sample. It is considered to implement a task that classically requires exponential time, and similarly to the quantum circuit model, understanding the average folklore of bosons is a research challenge in quantum computing. In this survey, we examine these three quantum models, describe their development and research achievements, and review their significance, definitions, operating principles, and experimental status.
3. Current state of quantum computing technology
The development of quantum computing technology is an interesting chicken-and-egg type cycle. The development of these technologies requires the building of machines and computers. At some point, the cost and difficulty of building these machines become prohibitive even though the demand may be great because no easy access path exists. The creation of general-purpose quantum computers and quantum computing systems is the next logical pioneering adventure of large-scale technology. The era of general-purpose or digital quantum computing required the specification of where to set the boundary between the ‘computer’ and the ‘quantum part.’ Today’s hybrid computers merge quantum-based sensors, quantum sensors, processors, and interface hardware using classical processing networks. This merge between the digital universe of classical computing and the quantum universe has already been achieved in supercomputers. The merger combines some of both technology capabilities, but the quantum technologies described invite a hybrid computer architecture that may be capable of allowing designers to conceptually consider digital systems.
4.Future prospects of Quantum Computing
I have described some of the unique abilities of quantum computing. Because of these abilities, a universal, general-purpose quantum computer, if such a one can be built, may have fundamental implications for science, industry, and society. In addition to their fundamental interest, quantum computers, because they might be able to solve important problems much faster than any conceivable classical computer, would have commercial value. Any advance, say in speed, of computation is apt to find uses. Indeed, the enormously important development of semiconductor electronics was driven not just by the importance and interest of basic semiconductor physics, but by the commercial value of faster and cheaper calculations and the ability to store remote information
Conclusion
In summary, we have discussed the history of quantum mechanics and the development of quantum computing. We have noted that quantum computing is not for everyone. It is an extremely special and limited resource that saves the day in certain special circumstances. While we have contemplated various quantum computing models, we have noted that these models are more theoretical than existential. The main problem with them is that they are generally inefficient models, and it is unlikely that they are going to be built any faster than the currently popular physical models. We have mentioned some of the technical difficulties associated with building quantum computers and the types of special and simplified markets that quantum computers would have. The best models are the clusters that act in unison to efficiently solve polynomial-sized problems, and the first to fall in this category are the adiabatic quantumย computers
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